Home  ›  Quick Comparisons of High Fashion and Fast Fashion

Quick Comparisons of High Fashion and Fast Fashion

Written By Tuesday, March 1, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Retail concept for moving clothing from the catwalk to consumers quickly, with rapid turnover of product

Fast fashion is a term used to depict the clothing industry business organization model of replicating recent catwalk trends and high-fashion designs, mass-producing them at low cost, and bringing them to retail stores quickly while demand is highest. The term fast way is also used generically to describe the products of the fast style business model.[1]

Fast fashion grew during the tardily 20th century as manufacturing of clothing became less expensive — the result of new materials like polyester and nylon, more efficient supply chains and new quick response manufacturing methods, and greater reliance on low-cost labour from the dress manufacturing industries of South, Southeast, and East Asia. Retailers who employ the fast fashion strategy include Primark, H&Thousand, Shein, and Zara,[2] all of which take become large multinationals by driving high turnover of inexpensive seasonal and trendy clothing that appeals to manner-conscious consumers.

Origins [edit]

Earlier the 1800s, fashion was a laborious, time-consuming process which required sourcing materials similar wool, cotton fiber, or leather, treating and preparing the materials by hand, then weaving or fashioning them into functional garments, also by hand. However, the Industrial Revolution forever inverse the earth of manner by introducing new engineering like the sewing machine and textile machines,[iii] which led to such innovations as set up-made clothes and mass production factories. As a effect, clothes became cheaper, easier, and quicker to make. Meanwhile, localized dressmaking businesses emerged, catering to the middle classes, and employing workroom employees forth with garment workers,[four] who worked from dwelling house for meager wages. These dress shops were early prototypes of the then-called 'sweatshops' that would become the foundation for 21st century clothing production.[5] During World War 2, the trend of more functional styles and textile restrictions led to the standardized product of clothes. Once the centre-grade consumers grew accepted to it, they became increasingly receptive to the idea of mass-produced wear.

The fashion manufacture produced and ran clothes for four seasons a year until the mid-twentieth century, with designers working many months in advance to predict what the customers would want. In the 1960s and 1970s, this method changed drastically equally the younger generations started to create new trends and use cheaply-made clothing as a form of personal expression. Although about fashion brands tried to find ways of keeping up with the increasing demand for affordable clothes, there was still a clear distinction betwixt high-end and high street fashion. In the tardily 1990s and early 2000s, fast fashion became a booming industry in America with people enthusiastically partaking in consumerism.[6] Fast manner retailers such as Zara,[7] H&M, Topshop, and Primark took over loftier street fashion. Initially starting as pocket-size stores located in Europe, they were able to infiltrate and gain prominence in the American market by examining and replicating the looks and blueprint elements from track shows and summit fashion houses and quickly reproducing them, simply at a fraction of a cost.[eight]

When it comes to question of who was the pioneer of the "fast fashion" phenomenon, information technology is hard to pinpoint i item brand or company. Nevertheless, in that location is some prove that suggest the pop fashion brands that helped outset the phenomenon. Amancio Ortega, founder of Zara, founded his vesture visitor in 1963 in Galicia and it featured products that were affordable replications of popular college-end wearable fashions in addition to producing its own unique designs. Subsequently on in 1975 Ortega opened the first retail outlet in Europe in order to sell his collections in the brusk run and as well to integrate production and distribution in the long run. He eventually was able to motion to New York in the early on 1990s where the New York Times first coined the term "fast style" to draw the mission of his store which said that "information technology would only take 15 days for a garment to become from a designer's brain to beingness sold on the racks".[eight] In the article "Fast Manner Lessons" [9] Donald Sull and Stefano Turconi studies how Zara pioneered an approach to navigate the volatile world of the fast fashion industry. According to Sull and Turconi one of the reasons for Zara's success was that information technology congenital a supply concatenation and product network where they maintained complicated and uppercase-intensive operations (like computer-guided fabric cut) in-business firm, while information technology outsourced labour-intensive operations (similar garment sewing) to a network of local subcontractors and seamstress operatives based in Galicia, Spain. Thus with shorter pb times the company was able to reply very quickly when the sale of their products exceeded their expectations and also cut off product for items that didn't accept very high demands. Unlike many fashion companies, Zara inappreciably invests in television receiver or press promotional campaigns and instead relies on shop windows to convey the brand image, spread of word-of-oral cavity and locating their shops strategically in areas with high consumer traffic.[ commendation needed ]

Like to Zara, the origin story of H&Thou likewise has mutual traits and technically information technology has besides been the longest running retailer. In 1946, Erling Persson, a Swedish entrepreneur, traveled to the New York Metropolis, United states, where he was profoundly intrigued and impressed past the high-volume production stores that he witnessed. The following year, Persson established a women'southward wear store chosen Hennes & Mauritz (or H&M) in Västerås, Sweden. Between the years of 1960 and 1979, the company speedily expanded, with 42 stores beyond Europe, and began producing article of clothing non just for women, simply for men and children too. The foundation for expansion into the global market place was laid in the 1980s when H&M caused Rowells, a Swedish postal service guild company, and used its networks to sell fast fashion by catalogue and mail order. In the 1990s, H&K invested in large city billboard advertising, featuring famous celebrities and supermodels. H&Yard opened its flagship Usa store on Fifth Artery in New York in 2000, marker the commencement of its expansion outside of Europe.[10] Zaw Thiha Tun examined the secret of H&Yard'due south success every bit a company and notes that the concern model of H&Chiliad is different other fast fashion companies such as Zara, as they don't manufacture whatsoever products in-business firm. Rather, they outsource production to more than 900 independent suppliers that are mainly located in Europe and Asia, which are in turn managed by 30 strategically-located oversight offices. They also depend on land-of-the-art Information technology infrastructure and networks to connect the central national function and the production offices. This method has been crucial to H&M's success: They don't own factories or secure the fabrics in advance, and thus they have needed to reduce their pb times through continuous developments in the buying process.[eleven]

Concept [edit]

Fast fashion brands produce pieces to become the newest fashion on the marketplace as before long every bit possible.[12] They emphasize optimizing certain aspects of the supply chain for the trends to exist designed and manufactured quickly and inexpensively and allow the mainstream consumer to buy current clothing styles at a lower toll. This philosophy of quick manufacturing at an affordable price is used in large retailers such as SHEIN, H&Thousand,[13] Zara, C&A, Peacocks, Primark, ASOS,[14] Forever 21, and Uniqlo.[15] [13]

It particularly came to the fore during the faddy for "boho chic" in the mid-2000s.[16] Co-ordinate to the Britain Environmental Inspect Committee'due south report "Fixing Fashion," fast manner "involves increased numbers of new fashion collections every twelvemonth, quick turnarounds and often lower prices.[17] Reacting rapidly to offer new products to meet consumer demand is crucial to this business model."[xviii]

Fast fashion has developed from a production-driven concept based on a manufacturing model referred to as "quick response" developed in the U.Due south. in the 1980s[19] and moved to a market-based model of "fast style" in the late 1990s and first part of the 21st century. The Zara brand proper name has become almost synonymous with the term, merely other retailers worked with the concept before the label was applied, such as Benetton.[20] [21] Fast way has also become associated with disposable style because information technology has delivered designer product to a mass market at relatively low prices.[22]

The advancement of technology has allowed for fast manner to proceeds popularity over the last decade. Technology has allowed for designers to create specifically what their consumers want according to what is "in" at the given moment. Every calendar month there are new things trending and new things existence displayed in stores to market towards the youth. Technology has the power to change all the issues within the fast fashion industry. Brands such as Zara have been listening to its consumers and thinking green to amend their environmental bear on. As Nina Davis states, "[Companies] are besides adopting advanced technologies to improve supply chain efficiency and reduce their carbon footprint."[23]

Slow mode counter [edit]

The slow way or witting mode motility has risen in opposition to fast fashion, naming responsibleness for pollution (both in the production of clothes and in the decay of synthetic fabrics), poor workmanship, and emphasizing very brief trends over classic style.[24] Elizabeth Fifty. Cline's 2012 book Overdressed: The Shockingly High Cost of Cheap Fashion was one of the first investigations into the human and ecology price of fast fashion. Fast fashion has likewise come under criticism for contributing to poor working conditions in developing countries.[25] The 2013 Dhaka garment factory plummet in Bangladesh, the deadliest garment-related accident in earth history, brought more attention to the safety affect of the fast way industry.[26]

In the rise of tiresome mode, emphasis has been given to quality, considerate clothing. In recent Bound/Summer Fashion Show 2020, high end designers are leading the movement of deadening fashion by creating pieces that develop ecology friendly practices in the manufacture.[27] Stella McCartney is i luxury designer who focuses on sustainable and ethical practices, and has done then since the nineties.[28] British Vogue explains that the process of designing and creating clothing in tedious fashion involves consciousness of materials, consumers demand, and the climate bear on.[27]

In her recent article titled "Doing Good and Looking Expert: Women in 'Fast Way' Activism", Rimi Khan criticizes the tedious fashion movement, peculiarly the work of high-profile designers and wearisome fashion advocates Stella McCartney and Vivienne Westwood, besides as other well known manufacture professionals such as Livia Firth, for creating dull style products which cater to a more often than not western, wealthy, and female person demographic.[29] Khan points out that because most slow fashion products are significantly more than expensive than fast fashion items, consumers are required to have a certain corporeality of disposable income in order to participate in the motility.[29] Khan argues that past proposing a solution to fast-mode that is largely inaccessible to many consumers, they are positioning wealthier women as "agents of change" in the movement confronting fast manner, whereas the shopping habits of lower income women and people of other genders are often considered "problematic".[29] Andrea Chang provides a like critique of the slow fashion motion in her commodity "The Touch of Fast Fashion on Women". Chang argues that the irksome manner and ethical way movements place too much responsibility on the consumers of fast fashion clothing, nearly of whom are women, to influence the industry through their consumption.[30] Chang suggests that because nearly consumers are limited in their power to cull where and how they purchase wear, largely due to financial factors, anti-fast mode activists should target lawmakers, manufacturers, and investors with a pale in the fast way manufacture rather than create an alternative industry that is only accessible to some.[thirty]

Strategy [edit]

Management [edit]

Fashion is updated frequently to run across peoples demand of aestheticism wearing the newest and latest clothing manner and it is done in a mannerly fast process. This efficiency is achieved through the retailers' agreement of the target market'southward wants, which is a high style-looking garment at a toll at the lower end of the wearable sector.[i] One of the largest causes of the high need for manner is the short trend cycles. The more than an audience is exposed to new trends, the higher the demand grows. Primarily, the concept of category management has been used to align the retail buyer and the manufacturer in a more collaborative relationship.[31]

Quick response method [edit]

Quick Response (QR) was developed to improve manufacturing processes in the textile industry with the aim of removing time from the production system.[32] The U.S. Apparel Manufacturing Association initiated the project in the early 1980s to address a competitive threat to its own material manufactures from imported textiles in low labour cost countries.[33] During the project lead times in the manufacturing process were halved; the U.Southward. industry became more competitive for a time, and imports were lowered as a result.[34] The QR initiative was viewed by many as a protection machinery for the American textile industry with the aim of improving manufacturing efficiencies.[35]

The concept of quick response (QR) is now used to support "fast way," creating new, fresh products while also drawing consumers dorsum to the retail feel for consecutive visits.[36] Quick response also makes it possible for new technologies to increase production and efficiency, typified past the introduction of the complementary concept of Fast Fit.[36] The Castilian mega chain Zara, owned by Inditex, has become the global model for how to decrease the fourth dimension between design and production. This production short cut enables Zara to industry over 30,000 units of product every year to almost one,600 stores in 58 countries.[37] New items are delivered twice a calendar week to the stores, reducing the time betwixt initial auction and replenishment. As a result, the shortened time menses improves consumer's garment choices and production availability while significantly increasing the number of per client visits per annum. In the case of Renner, a Brazilian concatenation, a new mini-collection is released every two months.[37]

Marketing [edit]

Marketing is the key driver of fast manner. Marketing creates the desire for consumption of new designs every bit close every bit possible to the indicate of cosmos. Marketing closes the gap between creation and consumption by promoting this equally something fast, low priced, and dispensable.[38] The continuous release of new products essentially makes the garments a highly cost effective marketing tool that drives consumer visits, increases make sensation, and results in college rates of consumer purchases. Fast style companies have also enjoyed higher profit margins in that their markdown percentage is simply 15% compared to competitors' 30% plus. The fast manner concern model is based on reducing the time cycles from production to consumption such that consumers engage in more cycles in any time menstruum. Not only is fast fashion based on reducing cycles just it is likewise based on trends that change throughout the seasons to stimulate sales. For example, the traditional fashion seasons followed the annual cycle of summertime, autumn, winter and leap, but in fast fashion cycles have compressed into shorter periods of iv–6 weeks and in some cases less than this. Marketers accept thus created more ownership seasons in the aforementioned time-space.[39]

Ii approaches are currently being used by companies every bit market strategies; the difference is the corporeality of financial capital spent on advertisements. While some companies invest in advertising, fast mode mega firm Primark operates with no advertisement. Primark instead invests in store layout, store-fit and visual merchandising to create an instant hook.[40] The instant hook creates an enjoyable shopping experience, resulting in the continuous return of customers. Research shows that 75 percent of consumers' decisions are made in forepart of the fixture within three seconds.[31] The alternative spending of Primark also "allows the retailer to laissez passer the benefits of a cost saving back to the consumer and maintain the visitor's price structure of producing garments at a lower cost".[31]

Production [edit]

"Supermarket" market [edit]

The consumer in the fast fashion market thrives on abiding change and the frequent availability of new products.[36] Fast manner is considered to be a "supermarket" segment within the larger sense of the fashion marketplace.[31] This term refers to fast fashion's nature to "race to brand wearing apparel an fifty-fifty smarter and quicker cash generator".[36] Iii crucial differentiating model factors be within fast way consumption: market timing, cost, and the buying cycle.[31] Timing's objective is to create the shortest production fourth dimension possible. The quick turnover has increased the demand for the number of seasons presented in the stores. This demand also increases aircraft and restocking time periods. Price is still the consumer'south primary ownership determination. Costs are largely reduced by taking advantage of lower prices in markets in developing countries. In 2004 developing countries accounted for nearly 70 v pct of all clothing exports and the removal of several import quotas has allowed companies to take reward of the even lower price of resource.[36] The buying cycle is the final factor that affects the consumer. Traditionally, style buying cycles are based effectually long term forecasts that occur ane yr to half-dozen months before the season.[36]

Supply chain, vendor relationships and internal relationships [edit]

Supply chain [edit]

Supply chains are primal to the cosmos of fast way. Supply chain systems are designed to add value and reduce cost in the process of moving appurtenances from pattern concept to retail stores and finally through to consumption.[41] Efficient supply chains are critical to delivering the retail customer promise of fast way. The option of a merchandising vendor is a key role in the process. Inefficiency primarily occurs when suppliers can't respond quickly enough, and wear ends up bottlenecked and in dorsum stock.[37] Ii kinds of supply chains exist, agile and lean. In an agile supply concatenation the master characteristics include the sharing of information and engineering science.[36] The collaboration results in the reduction in the corporeality of stock in megastores. A lean supply chain is characterized as the correct cribbing of the commodity for the production.[36]

Vendor relationships [edit]

The companies in the fast manner market also utilize a range of relationships with the suppliers. The product is kickoff classified as "core" or "way".[36]

Internal relationships [edit]

Productive internal relationships inside the fast manner companies are as important as the visitor'southward relationships with external suppliers, especially when it comes to the visitor's buyers. Traditionally with a "supermarket" market place the ownership is divided into multi-functional departments. The buying squad uses the bottom-upward arroyo when trend information is involved, significant the information is merely shared with the company'south fifteen top suppliers.[36] On the other mitt, information about future aims, and strategies of product are shared downward inside the heir-apparent hierarchy so the squad can consider lower cost production options.[36]

Sustainable labor costing and efficiency dilemma in fast fashion [edit]

Published by University of Manchester, the Working Papers of "Capturing the Gains, global summit" brings together an international network of experts from North and Due south. The Working Paper xiv focuses on a specific feature of ownership behavior in the Great britain fashion retail industry: the negotiation of a manufacturing price (cut-brand-trim, CMT, cost) with suppliers that does not separately itemize labour cost. This do, tacitly supported past both buyers and suppliers, is examined against the properties of ongoing wage defaulting and import toll deflation in the global apparel manufacture. For obvious reasons, the brand-upwards of standard time using Predetermined Time standards (PTS), Predetermined movement fourth dimension organisation (PMTS); is highly technical and 'synthetic'. According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), equally of 1992 there were some 200 dissimilar PTS systems, offered past consultancies for adoption past manufacturing companies.[42]

Environmental impact [edit]

According to the Un Economic Commission for Europe,[43] the fast fashion system provides opportunities for economic growth but the unabridged fashion industry hinders sustainability efforts by contributing to 20% of wastewater. In addition, fast style is responsible for well-nigh 10 percentage of global gas emissions. Providing insight, the Ellen Macarthur Foundation released study results on mode and suggests a new circular system. A singular t-shirt requires over ii,000 liters of water to make.[44] Clothing is not utilized to its full potential, the Ellen MacArthur Foundation explains that linear systems are contributing to unsustainable behavior and the future of fashion may demand to transition towards a circular arrangement of production and consumer beliefs.[ citation needed ]

Announcer Elizabeth L. Cline, author of Overdressed: The Shockingly High Toll of Cheap Way and one of the earliest critics of fast mode, notes in her article Where Does Discarded Habiliment Go? [45] that Americans are purchasing five times the amount of article of clothing than they did in 1980. Due to this rise in consumption, developed countries are producing more and more garments each flavor. The The states imports more than than 1 billion garments annually from China alone.[46] Great britain textile consumption surged by 37% from 2001 to 2005.[47] The Global Mode Business Journal reported that in 2018, the global fiber production has reached the highest all-time, 107 million metric tons.[48]

The average American household produces seventy pounds (32 kg) of textile waste every yr.[49] The residents of New York Metropolis discard around 193,000 tons of article of clothing and textiles, which equates to 6% of all the city'due south garbage.[45] In comparison, the Eu generates a total of 5.8 million tons of textiles each twelvemonth.[fifty] As a whole, the textile industry occupies roughly 5% of all landfill space.[49] The clothing that is discarded into landfills is often made from non-biodegradable constructed materials.[51]

Greenhouse gases and various pesticides and dyes are released into the environment by mode-related operations.[52] The United nations estimated that the concern of what we wear, including its long supply chains, is responsible for 10 percent of the greenhouse gas emissions heating our planet.[53] The growing demand for quick fashion continuously adds effluent release from the textile factories, containing both dyes and caustic solutions.[54] In comparison, greenhouse gas emissions from textile production companies is more international flights and maritime shipping combined annually. The materials used not simply affect the environment in cloth product, simply as well the workers and the people who article of clothing the dress. The chancy substances affect all aspects of life and release into the environments effectually them.[55] Optoro estimates that 5 billion pounds of waste is generated through returns each year, contributing fifteen 1000000 metric tons of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.[56] Fast style production has doubled since 2000, with brands such equally Zara producing 24 collections a year and H&Yard producing about 12 to 16 collections a year.[57]

Sustainability [edit]

Recycling [edit]

Due to the corporeality of pollution and waste caused by the fashion industry,[58] for-profit groups, similar Viletex, and retailers, such as H&Chiliad, are working to subtract the industry'southward ecology footprint and prefer sustainable technologies.[45] Both companies accept created programs that encourage recycling from the full general public. These programs provide consumers with bins that allow them to dispose of their unwanted garments that will ultimately exist transformed into insulation and rug padding, as well as being used to produce other garments.[45]

Advances in technologies take offered new methods of using dyes, producing fibers, and reducing the apply of natural resources. To subtract the consumption of traditional textiles, Anke Domaske has produced "QMilch," an eco-milk fiber; Virus has produced high-tech sportswear from recycled coffee beans; and Suzanne Lee has created vegetable leather from fermented tea.[59] Many companies have likewise created various ways to reduce the amount of dyes emitted into the world's waterways too every bit the level of water consumption. For example, AirDye saves between 7 and 75 gallons of h2o per pound of textiles produced while digital printing reduces water usage past 95 percent.[59]

Design strategies & techniques [edit]

Co-ordinate to FutureLearn,[60] [ improve source needed ] the following design strategies and techniques can be applied to make fast fashion more sustainable:

  • Cypher Waste Design Cutting: This technique eliminates potential cloth waste right at the design stage, where the pattern pieces are strategically laid like a jigsaw puzzle onto a precisely measured piece of fabric.
  • Minimal Seam Construction: This technique allows faster manufacturing time by lessening the number of seams that are necessary to stitch a garment.
  • Design for Disassembly (DfD): The main intention of this strategy involves designing a production in such a way that it tin can be hands taken apart at the stop of its lifespan and this allows the use of fewer materials.
  • Arts and crafts preservation: This technique combines and incorporates ancestral arts and crafts techniques into modern designs and in a way it ensures preservation of traditional craftsmanship through innovation.
  • Transformational/Multifunctional: This strategy can exist used to pattern products or garments that could be worn in numerous ways and can even take elements that are reversible. The best real-life example is the Carry on Closet fashion line created and developed by Antithesis.[61] [ better source needed ]
  • Pull Cistron Framework: Brands such as L.Fifty Bean and Harvey Nichols implemented a "Pull Factor Framework" which is a new methodology that strives to make sustainable innovation more enticing for consumers and producers alike.[62] [ ameliorate source needed ]

Technology [edit]

Fast way brands like ASOS.com, Levi's, Macy'south, North Confront take turned to sizing technology that use algorithms to solve sizing issues, and give authentic size recommendations on their website to reduce environmental affect on returns. H&M's design squad is implementing 3D design, 3D sampling and 3D prototyping to assistance cutting waste, while artificial intelligence can be used to produce small garment runs for specific stores.[63]

Companies are helping support the circular arrangement in fashion production and consumer behavior past renting out dress to customers with recycled or reuse items. New York & Company Closet and American Eagle Way Drop are examples of rental services that tin be offered to customers when subscribed to the plan.[64] Tulerie, a smartphone application offers borrowing, renting, or sharing of dress in local communities beyond the globe; users have the opportunity to profit past renting apparel as well.[64]

Overconsumption [edit]

In contrast to modern overconsumption, fast fashion traces its roots to World War II austerity, where high pattern was merged with commonsensical materials.[65] The concern model of fast fashion is based on consumers' desire for new habiliment to wear.[66] In order to fulfill consumer's demand, fast fashion brands provide affordable prices and a wide range of clothing that reflects the latest trends. This ends up persuading consumers to buy more items which leads to the issue of overconsumption. Dana Thomas, author of Fashionopolis, stated that Americans spent 340 billion dollars on habiliment in 2012, the same twelvemonth of the Rana Plaza plummet.[67]

Planned obsolescence plays a fundamental role in overconsumption. Based on the study of planned obsolescence in The Economist, fashion is deeply committed to planned obsolescence. Concluding year'due south skirts; for example, are designed to be replaced by this year'south new models.[68] In this case, fashion appurtenances are purchased even when the old ones are still wearable. The quick response model and new supply chain practices of fast fashion even accelerate the speed of information technology. In recent years, the way cycle has steadily decreased as fast fashion retailers sell clothing that is expected to be disposed of after being worn but a few times.[69]

A 2014 article about fast fashion in Huffington Post pointed out that in club to make the fast moving tendency affordable, fast-fashion merchandise is typically priced much lower than the competition, operating on a business model of depression quality and high volume.[66] Depression quality goods make overconsumption more severe since those products have a shorter life span and would need to be replaced much more often. Furthermore, equally both industry and consumers continue to embrace fast fashion, the volume of goods to be disposed of or recycled has increased substantially. However, most fast-fashion appurtenances exercise non have the inherent quality to be considered equally collectables for vintage or historic collections.[lxx]

Labour concerns [edit]

Sweatshops [edit]

The fashion industry is known equally the most labor dependent manufacture,[71] as one in every six people works in acquiring raw materials and manufacturing clothing. H&M is the largest producer of wear in nether-developed South Asian and Southeast Asian countries such as Republic of india, Bangladesh and Cambodia.[72] Nike has received backlash over its employ of sweatshops. Bangladesh – a country known for its cheap labor, is home to 4 million garment production workers in over 5000 factories, out of which 85% are women.[73] Many of these factories do non take proper working conditions for essential workers. In 2013 a grouping of garment workers protested in Bangladesh for the poor quality of the building. A horrific tragedy took place in Rana Plaza factory, the building collapsed and killed over ane,000 workers. Non only did these workers have a bad manufactured edifice, were overworked, and had a low minimum wage. Bangladesh is considered to have the lowest minimum wage from all the countries that consign apparel.[74]

Women and export processing zones [edit]

The International Labour System defines export processing zones as "industrial zones with special incentives set up to attract strange investors, in which imported materials undergo some caste of processing before existence re-exported".[75] These zones take been used by developing countries to eternalize foreign investment, and produce consumer goods that are labour-intensive, like wear.[76] Many export processing zones have been criticized for their substandard working conditions, low wages, and suspension of international and domestic labour laws.[77] Women account for 70-90% of the working population in some export processing zones, such equally in Sri Lanka, People's republic of bangladesh, and the Philippines.[77] [78] Despite their overrepresentation in consign processing zone informal sector (informal economic system) employment, women are even so likely to earn less than men.[77] Mainly, this discrepancy is due to employer'southward preferring to hire men in technical and managerial positions and women in lower-skilled production work.[77] Moreover, employers tend to prefer hiring women for production jobs because they are seen every bit more compliant and less likely to join labour unions.[75] In add-on, a report that interviewed Sri Lankan women working in export processing zones plant that gender-based violence "emerged equally a dominant theme in their narratives".[79] For example, 38% of women reported seeing or experiencing sexual harassment within their workplace.[79] However, proponents of cloth and garment production as a ways for economic upgrading in developing countries (global value chain) have pointed out that clothing production work tends to have college wages than other available jobs, such as agronomics or domestic service piece of work, and therefore provides women with a larger degree of financial autonomy.[76]

Film and media [edit]

  • The True Cost is a 2015 documentary motion picture focusing on fast fashion that is directed by Andrew Morgan.[eighty]
  • 'How fast fashion adds to the world's wear waste problem' is a brusk 2018 documentary created by Market that is a office of the CBC News network.[81]

Design lawsuits and legislation [edit]

Lawsuits and proposed legislation in the U.S. [edit]

As of 2007, Forever 21, one of the larger fast fashion retailers, was involved in several lawsuits over alleged violations of intellectual property rights.[82] The lawsuits contended that certain pieces of merchandise at the retailer can effectively be considered infringements of designs from Diane von Furstenberg, Anna Sui and Gwen Stefani's Harajuku Lovers line as well as many other well-known designers.[82] Forever 21 has non commented on the state of the litigation but initially said it was "taking steps to organize itself to prevent intellectual holding violations".[82]

Design Piracy Prohibition Human action protects style designers from having their ideas imitated immediately afterwards their public release, such as runway appearances.

H.R. 5055 [edit]

H.R. 5055, or Design Piracy Prohibition Act, was a pecker proposed to protect the copyright of fashion designers in the U.s..[83] The beak was introduced into the U.s.a. House of Representatives on March 30, 2006. Under the bill designers would submit fashion sketches and/or photos to the U.S. Copyright Function inside 3 months of the products' "publication". This publication includes everything from magazine advertisements to the garment's showtime public runway appearances.[84] The bill as a issue, would protect the designs for three years after the initial publication. If infringement of copyright was to occur the infringer would be fined $250,000, or $5 per re-create, whichever is a larger lump sum.[83]

H.R. 2033 [edit]

The Design Piracy Prohibition Deed was reintroduced equally H.R. 2033 during the first session of the 110th Congress on April 25, 2007.[85] It had goals similar to H.R. 5055, every bit the beak proposed to protect certain types of apparel design through copyright protection of manner design. The bill would grant style designs a three-twelvemonth term of protection, based on registration with the U.S. Copyright Office. The fines of copyright infringement would continue to be $250,000 total or $v per copied merchandise.[85]

Encounter too [edit]

  • Price per habiliment
  • Tiresome fashion
  • Digital mode

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b "This Is What Fast Mode Means (Definition, Issues, And Examples)". Retrieved 2020-10-29 .
  2. ^ "Ultra Fast Fashion Is Eating The World - The Atlantic". theatlantic.com. Feb vi, 2021.
  3. ^ "Material Machines Selection Guide | Engineering360". world wide web.globalspec.com . Retrieved 2020-09-24 .
  4. ^ "Garment Workers | WIEGO". www.wiego.org . Retrieved 2020-09-24 .
  5. ^ "What Is Fast Fashion?". Proficient On You. 2018-08-07. Retrieved 2020-04-02 .
  6. ^ Linden, Annie Radner (January 2016). "An Assay of the Fast Way Manufacture". Senior Projects Fall 2016. thirty.
  7. ^ Gustashaw, Megan (20 March 2017). "Uniqlo Is Going to Beginning Producing Habiliment at Zara Speeds". GQ . Retrieved 2021-02-26 .
  8. ^ a b Idacavage, Sara. "Way History Lesson: The Origins of Fast Fashion". Fashionista . Retrieved 2020-04-02 .
  9. ^ Sull, Donald; Turconi, Stefano (June 2008). "Fast fashion lessons". Concern Strategy Review. 19 (2): iv–xi. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8616.2008.00527.ten. ISSN 0955-6419. S2CID 154671050.
  10. ^ "H&M group | History". hmgroup.com . Retrieved 2020-04-02 .
  11. ^ Tun, Zaw Thiha. "H&Yard: The Secret to Its Success". Investopedia . Retrieved 2020-04-02 .
  12. ^ Schlossberg, Tatiana (2019-09-03). "How Fast Style Is Destroying the Planet". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-10-05 .
  13. ^ a b Houston, Jack. "Sneaky ways stores like H&M, Zara, and Uniqlo get you to spend more money on clothes". Business Insider.
  14. ^ "As Waste Plagues the Fast-Fashion Manufacture, Asos Is Taking a Pace Toward Sustainability". Retrieved 2021-02-26 .
  15. ^ Gustashaw, Megan (20 March 2017). "Uniqlo Is Going to Starting time Producing Clothing at Zara Speeds". GQ.
  16. ^ See, for example, Sunday Times Fashion, 17 September 2006
  17. ^ "What Is Fast Fashion? · Good Garms". www.goodgarms.com . Retrieved 2021-07-04 .
  18. ^ "Fixing fashion: clothing consumption and sustainability - Environmental Audit Committee". publications.parliament.uk . Retrieved 2019-03-12 .
  19. ^ Lowson, B., R. King, and A. Hunter. 1999. Quick Response - Managing the Supply Chain to Come across Consumer Demand. Chichester: Wiley.
  20. ^ Hines, Tony; Bruce, Margaret (2012). Fashion Marketing. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. pp. 26–47. ISBN978-1-136-00426-1. OCLC 817891046.
  21. ^ HINES, TONY (2018). SUPPLY CHAIN STRATEGIES: demand driven and customer focused. Place of publication not identified: ROUTLEDGE. ISBN978-1-138-47101-6. OCLC 1043403001.
  22. ^ Hines, Tony; Bruce, Margaret (2007). Fashion marketing: gimmicky issues. Amsterdam; Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN978-0-08-046817-4. OCLC 85839138.
  23. ^ Davies, Nina (2020-x-27). "How Technology in Fashion is Changing the Fast Fashion Manufacture for the Ameliorate - Without Limits™". Exenta™. Aptean. Retrieved 2021-10-26 .
  24. ^ Cline, Elizabeth L (2013). Overdressed: the shockingly high cost of cheap fashion. New York: Portfolio/Penguin. ISBN978-1-59184-654-3. OCLC 862879014.
  25. ^ M. Taplin, Ian (2014-02-25). "Who is to blame?: A re-examination of fast fashion after the 2013 factory disaster in People's republic of bangladesh". Critical Perspectives on International Business. 10 (1/2): 72–83. doi:ten.1108/cpoib-09-2013-0035. ISSN 1742-2043.
  26. ^ Hobson, J. (7 July 2013). "To die for? The health and safety of fast fashion". Occupational Medicine. 63 (5): 317–319. doi:ten.1093/occmed/kqt079. PMID 23837074.
  27. ^ a b Quick, Harriet (6 March 2020). "SS20'due south Biggest Trend? Slow Fashion That'due south Rooted In Reality". British Vogue . Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  28. ^ "v Sustainable Luxury Designers For Eco-Friendly Fashion". The Good Trade . Retrieved 2020-05-15 .
  29. ^ a b c Khan, Rimi. "Doing good and looking expert: women in 'fast fashion' activism (PDF)".
  30. ^ a b Chang, Andrea (2020-06-09). "The Impact of Fast Fashion on Women". Journal of Integrative Research & Reflection. 3: 16–24. doi:10.15353/jirr.v3.1624. ISSN 2561-8024.
  31. ^ a b c d eastward Sheridan, Mandy; Moore, Christopher; Nobbs, Karinna (July 2006). barnes, Liz (ed.). "Fast fashion requires fast marketing: The role of category management in fast fashion positioning". Journal of Manner Marketing and Management. 10 (3): 301–315. doi:10.1108/13612020610679286. ISSN 1361-2026.
  32. ^ Hines, T. (2007) Supply Chain Strategies, Structures and Relationships, in Hines, T. and M.Bruce. Eds. Manner Marketing Contemporary Bug 2nd Edn. Oxford, Elsevier
  33. ^ Hines, T. 2001. "From analogue to digital supply bondage: Implications for fashion marketing " In Manner marketing: Contemporary bug. Eds. T. Hines and Thou. Bruce. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann, 26-47.
  34. ^ Hunter, N.A. . 1990. Quick Response in Apparel Manufacturing. Manchester The Material Institute.
  35. ^ Hines, T. (2004), Supply Chain Strategies: Customer Driven and Customer Focused, Oxford: Elsevier
  36. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Bruce, Margaret; Daly, Lucy (July 2006). Barnes, Liz (ed.). "Heir-apparent behaviour for fast fashion". Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management. ten (3): 329–344. doi:10.1108/13612020610679303. ISSN 1361-2026.
  37. ^ a b c Pfeifer, Margarida O. "Fast and Furious." Latin Trade (English) 15.nine (Sep. 2007): 14-14. Business Source Complete.
  38. ^ Payne, Alice (2011). "The Life-cycle of the Style Garment and the Part of Australian Mass Market Designers". The International Journal of Environmental, Cultural, Economic, and Social Sustainability: Annual Review. 7 (3): 237–246. doi:10.18848/1832-2077/CGP/v07i03/54938. ISSN 1832-2077.
  39. ^ Hines, Tony. 2001. "Globalization: An introduction to fashion markets and fashion marketing." In Fashion marketing: Contemporary problems. Eds. T. Hines and One thousand. Bruce. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann, 1-24.
  40. ^ Bakery, Rosie. "Following fast mode." In-Store (June 2008): 37-39. Concern Source Complete. EBSCO.
  41. ^ Hines, T (2010). "Trends in cloth global supply bondage". Textiles. 37 (2): 18–xx.
  42. ^ Introduction to work written report. George Kanawaty, International Labour Office (4th rev. ed.). Geneva: International Labour Role. 1992. ISBN978-92-ii-123484-v. OCLC 769190038. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  43. ^ Nations, Un Economic Commission for EuropeInformation UnitPalais des; Geneva x, CH-1211; Switzerl. "United nations Alliance aims to put fashion on path to sustainability". www.unece.org . Retrieved 2020-03-24 .
  44. ^ "A NEW TEXTILES ECONOMY: REDESIGNING FASHION'S Future" (PDF). www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org . Retrieved June 10, 2021. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  45. ^ a b c d Cline, Elizabeth (July 18, 2014). "Where Does Discarded Wearable Go?". The Atlantic. The Atlantic Monthly Group. Retrieved October 24, 2015.
  46. ^ "Profile of H&Yard: A Pioneer of Fast Fashion". Material Outlook International / (130): xi–13. 2007. ISSN 0268-4764. OCLC 181071608.
  47. ^ The sustainable fashion handbook. Sandy Black. New York: Thames & Hudson. 2013. ISBN978-0-500-29056-ix. OCLC 800642264. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  48. ^ "Global fiber production reaches all-fourth dimension high, preferred cotton share rises". www.themds.com . Retrieved 2019-11-xxx .
  49. ^ a b "Council for Textile Recycling". www.weardonaterecycle.org . Retrieved 2015-11-08 .
  50. ^ DuFault, Amy (16 Apr 2014). "Tin can 'upcycling' give Haiti'south way industry a boost?". The Guardian . Retrieved 2015-11-08 .
  51. ^ "Ecology affect of the textile and clothing manufacture" (PDF). European Parliament.
  52. ^ "Fast Fashion Is the Second Dirtiest Industry in the World, Next to Large Oil". ecowatch.com. Baronial 17, 2015. Archived from the original on June iv, 2021. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
  53. ^ "A scrappy solution to the manner manufacture'southward giant waste matter trouble". Grist. Aug 2, 2019.
  54. ^ Lowson, Bob (1999). Quick response : managing the supply chain to come across consumer demand. Russell Male monarch, Alan Hunter. Chichester, Westward Sussex, England: Wiley. ISBN0-585-20972-three. OCLC 44962828.
  55. ^ MacArthur, Ellen. "A New Textiles Economy: Redesigning Manner'south Future" (PDF). ellenmacarthurfoundation.
  56. ^ "Your brand new returns end up in landfill | BBC Globe". world wide web.bbcearth.com.
  57. ^ McFall-Johnsen, Morgan. "The fashion industry emits more carbon than international flights and maritime shipping combined. Here are the biggest ways it impacts the planet". Concern Insider . Retrieved 2021-03-01 .
  58. ^ Claudio, Luz (2007). "Waste product Couture: Environmental Impact of the Clothing Manufacture". Environ. Wellness Perspect. 115 (9): A449–A454. doi:x.1289/ehp.115-a449. PMC1964887. PMID 17805407.
  59. ^ a b Breyer, Melissa (September four, 2014). "10 awesome innovations changing the future of mode". Treehugger. Narrative Content Grouping. Retrieved October 24, 2015.
  60. ^ FutureLearn. "Sustainable blueprint techniques". FutureLearn . Retrieved 2020-04-03 .
  61. ^ "Antonym". www.notjustalabel.com . Retrieved 2020-04-03 .
  62. ^ Courtney, Liz (24 January 2020). "Fueling the Sustainable Fashion Motility Unlocking "The Pull Gene" to Tip Fashion Toward a Sustainable Time to come". bbmg.com.
  63. ^ Biondi, Annachiara (6 Dec 2018). "Tin can fast fashion be green?". Vogue Business.
  64. ^ a b Douglas, Demi (28 August 2019). "8 clothing rental services that let yous change your wardrobe in an instant". TODAY.com . Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  65. ^ Chua, Jasmin Malik (29 August 2017). "Fast Style'southward Surprising Origins". Racked. Vocalisation Media. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  66. ^ a b "Where Does Discarded Vesture Go?". The Atlantic. 2014-07-eighteen. Retrieved 2015-11-08 .
  67. ^ Schlossberg, Tatiana (2019-09-03). "How Fast Fashion Is Destroying the Planet". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-02-xix .
  68. ^ "Planned obsolescence". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2015-11-08 .
  69. ^ Carr, D. Jasun; Gotlieb, Melissa R.; Lee, Nam-Jin; Shah, Dhavan V. (November 2012). "Examining Overconsumption, Competitive Consumption, and Witting Consumption from 1994 to 2004: Disentangling Cohort and Flow Effects". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 644 (ane): 220–233. doi:10.1177/0002716212449452. ISSN 0002-7162. S2CID 154754612.
  70. ^ Gwilt, Alison; Rissanen, Timo (2012). Shaping Sustainable Way: Changing the Way We Make and Utilize Wearing apparel. p. 143. OCLC 1124966657.
  71. ^ "Labor-Intensive Industries: How immigration plays a critical part". New American Economic system . Retrieved 2020-09-24 .
  72. ^ "Mode Revolution". Archived from the original on 2017-12-twenty.
  73. ^ "People's republic of bangladesh Factsheet" (PDF).
  74. ^ "Planet Money Makes A T-Shirt". NPR.org . Retrieved 2021-10-24 .
  75. ^ a b Sarah, Perman (2004). Behind the brand names: working conditions and labour rights in export processing zones. International Confederation of Free Trade Unions. OCLC 1039301791.
  76. ^ a b Velde, D. "The Role of Article of clothing and Cloth Industries in the Growth and Development Strategies of Developing Countries". ODI . Retrieved 2021-02-25 . {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  77. ^ a b c d Romero, Ana Teresa (September 1995). "Labour Standards and Consign Processing Zones: Situation and Pressures for Change". Development Policy Review. 13 (3): 247–276. doi:x.1111/j.1467-7679.1995.tb00093.ten. ISSN 0950-6764.
  78. ^ Joni, Seager (2018). The women'due south atlas. Penguin Books. ISBN978-0-14-313234-nine. OCLC 1125163859.
  79. ^ a b Hancock, Peter (2006-01-01). "Violence, Women, Piece of work and Empowerment: Narratives from Manufacturing plant Women in Sri Lanka'southward Export Processing Zones". Gender, Engineering science and Development. 10 (ii): 211–228. doi:10.1177/097185240601000203. ISSN 0971-8524. S2CID 145534573.
  80. ^ "The Truthful Cost | A Documentary Film". The True Cost . Retrieved 2017-01-11 .
  81. ^ How fast fashion adds to the world's wearable waste product problem (Marketplace), archived from the original on 2021-12-19, retrieved 2020-04-02
  82. ^ a b c Casabona, Liza. "Retailer Forever 21 Facing A Slew of Pattern Lawsuits." WWD: Women'due south Vesture Daily 194.15 (23 July 2007): 12-12. Textile Technology Alphabetize. EBSCO.
  83. ^ a b "109TH CONGRESS 2nd SESSION H. R. 5055" (PDF). www.aipla.org. March thirty, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on October viii, 2008. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
  84. ^ Woyke, Elizabeth. "Manner's Bid to Knock Out Knockoffs." Business Week (10 Apr. 2006): sixteen-16. Business organization Source Complete. EBSCO.
  85. ^ a b "110TH CONGRESS 1ST SESSION H. R. 2033" (PDF). www.aipla.org. April 25, 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on December v, 2010. Retrieved 2021-06-10 .

Further reading [edit]

  • MacKinnon, J.B. (28 May 2021). "What would happen if the world stopped shopping?". Fast Company . Retrieved 4 July 2021.

0 Response to "Quick Comparisons of High Fashion and Fast Fashion"

Post a Comment

Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)

Iklan Atas Artikel

Iklan Tengah Artikel 1

Iklan Tengah Artikel 2

Iklan Bawah Artikel